Which remedy focuses on causation, foreseeability, certainty, and avoidability in its damages analysis?

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Damages analysis in contract law rests on showing causation, foreseeability, certainty, and a duty to avoid or mitigate losses. The remedy that centers on these considerations in its damages assessment is incidental damages. Incidental damages cover costs the non-breaching party incurs directly because of the breach—things like expenses to handle, store, transport, or resell goods—and those costs must be linked to the breach (causation), be reasonably foreseeable, be provable with reasonable certainty, and be avoidable through reasonable efforts to mitigate. In contrast, reliance damages recover out-of-pocket losses from reliance on the contract, nominal damages are symbolic when there’s no actual loss, and restitutionary damages focus on restoring the amount the breaching party unjustly enriched.