In federal civil procedure, a discovery motion to compel is reviewed for what standard of discretion?

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Rulings on discovery motions to compel are reviewed for abuse of discretion. The trial court has broad authority to manage discovery, weighing the need for evidence against burdens, costs, and privacy concerns. Appellate courts defer to that balancing and will overturn only if the ruling was arbitrary, capricious, or manifestly unreasonable, or based on an erroneous view of the law or a clearly erroneous assessment of the facts. De novo would apply to pure questions of law, not to discretionary discovery decisions, and substantial evidence or clear error are standards used for reviewing factual findings in other contexts, not for the discretionary rulings on discovery.